All About (ARIES) Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences in Nainital

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) is one of India’s most prominent astronomical institutes. Nestled in the serene hills of Nainital, Uttarakhand, ARIES has a rich history and has made significant contributions to the field of astronomy, solar physics, astrophysics, and atmospheric science. This article delves into the history, facilities, and achievements of ARIES, offering a comprehensive overview for those interested in the institute’s work and visiting its observatories.

History and Evolution of ARIES

Early Beginnings as UPSO

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) has its roots in the Uttar Pradesh State Observatory (UPSO), established on April 20, 1954. Under the supervision of Dr. A. N. Singh, UPSO was initially located in the premises of the Government Sanskrit College, now known as Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The observatory’s initial focus was on astronomical research and education, but its location posed challenges for optimal observations.

Relocation to Nainital

In 1955, recognizing the need for a more suitable observational site, the observatory was relocated to Manora Peak in Nainital. This move was driven by the need to find a location with clearer skies and better atmospheric conditions for astronomical observations. Manora Peak, situated at an elevation of 1,951 meters (6,401 feet), offered these ideal conditions, marking a significant step in the observatory’s evolution.

Transition to ARIES

With the formation of the State of Uttarakhand on November 9, 2000, the administrative control of UPSO shifted to the Government of Uttarakhand. Subsequently, on March 22, 2004, the observatory was re-christened as the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) and became an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India. This transition marked a new era for the institute, expanding its scope and capabilities.

Facilities and Infrastructure

Manora Peak Observatory

The ARIES campus at Manora Peak covers an expansive 32.38 hectares (80.0 acres) of land. It houses functional and residential buildings, providing a conducive environment for research and education. The observatory is equipped with advanced telescopes and instruments, making it one of the leading astronomical research centers in India.

Telescopes at Manora Peak

ARIES hosts three main telescopes at Manora Peak:

1.04m Optical Telescope: This telescope, operational since 1972, has been the primary observational facility for ARIES scientists. It has contributed significantly to various astronomical discoveries and research.
1.3m Telescope: This newer addition enhances the institute’s capabilities in conducting detailed astronomical observations.
3.6m Telescope: One of the largest telescopes in India, the 3.6m telescope at Manora Peak represents a significant advancement in ARIES’s observational infrastructure.
Upcoming 4m Liquid Mirror Telescope: This telescope is set to further augment the institute’s observational prowess, allowing for more detailed and extensive astronomical studies.

Devasthal Observatory

In response to increasing light pollution from Nainital city, ARIES established a new astronomical site at Devasthal, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) from Manora Peak. The site, selected after comprehensive surveys across the Himalayan region, offers dark skies and excellent observing conditions. Devasthal, meaning “Abode of God,” is located at an altitude of approximately 2,450 meters above mean sea level, providing an optimal environment for astronomical observations.

Telescopes at Devasthal

The Devasthal site hosts several advanced telescopes, including:

3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT): This state-of-the-art telescope is a significant asset for ARIES, allowing for high-resolution observations of celestial objects.
1.3m Devasthal Fast Optical Telescope (DFOT): The DFOT enhances the institute’s capabilities in fast optical observations, crucial for studying transient astronomical phenomena.

Additional Facilities

ARIES’s infrastructure extends beyond telescopes. The institute has laboratories, workshops, and computational facilities that support various aspects of astronomical research. These facilities are critical for data analysis, instrument development, and theoretical studies.

Research and Achievements

Notable Discoveries

ARIES has made several significant contributions to the field of astronomy. Some of the notable discoveries and research achievements include:

New Ring Systems: The observatory has discovered new ring systems around Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, contributing to our understanding of these gas giants and their moons.
Intra-Night Optical Variability in Quasars: ARIES established a direct correlation between intra-night optical variability and the degree of polarization of radio jets in quasars. This discovery provides insights into the dynamics of these distant, energetic objects.
Optical Intra-Day Variability in Blazars: For the first time, periodic oscillations were detected in the optical intra-day variability data of blazars. This finding is crucial for determining the black hole mass in blazars and supports accretion disk-based models of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs).

Areas of Research

ARIES specializes in several key areas of astronomical research:

Astronomy: Observational studies of celestial objects, including stars, galaxies, and planetary systems.
Solar Physics: Research on the Sun’s activity, solar flares, and their impact on space weather.
Astrophysics: Theoretical and observational studies on the physical properties and dynamics of astronomical objects.
Atmospheric Science: Investigations into the Earth’s atmosphere, including climate studies and atmospheric phenomena.

Visiting ARIES

Public Outreach and Education

ARIES is committed to public outreach and education, making astronomy accessible to the general public. The observatory is open to visitors on afternoons and on occasional moonlit nights, with prior permission. These public viewing sessions offer a unique opportunity to observe celestial objects through advanced telescopes and learn about astronomy from experts.

Location and Accessibility

ARIES is situated at Manora Peak, about 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) from Nainital, the headquarters of the Kumaon division. The institute’s location offers stunning views and a tranquil environment, making it an ideal place for both research and recreation.

How to Reach ARIES

By Air

The nearest airport to ARIES is Pantnagar Airport (PGH), located approximately 70 kilometers from Nainital. Alternatively, New Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport (NDLS) is about 350 kilometers away. From these airports, visitors can hire taxis or use other modes of transportation to reach Nainital and then proceed to Manora Peak.

By Rail

Kathgodam is the nearest railway station, situated 35 kilometers from Nainital. Kathgodam is well-connected to major cities like Delhi and Lucknow. Some important train connections include:

Bagh Express: Daily service from Howrah.
Ranikhet Express: Daily service from Delhi.
Sampark Kranti Express: Daily service from Delhi.
Shatabdi Express: Daily service from Delhi.

From Kathgodam, visitors can take taxis or buses to reach Nainital and then travel to ARIES.

By Road

ARIES is well-connected by road to major centers in northern India. Some key distances from the institute are:

Dehradun: 350 kilometers.
Delhi: 277 kilometers.
Bareilly: 141 kilometers.

Regular bus services and taxis are available from these cities to Nainital. From Nainital, visitors can reach ARIES by local transport.

Facilities for Visitors

The ARIES campus offers various facilities for visitors, including guided tours, educational programs, and public lectures. These initiatives aim to promote interest in astronomy and provide a deeper understanding of the universe.

Future Prospects and Developments

Upcoming Projects

ARIES continues to expand its research capabilities and infrastructure. The upcoming 4m Liquid Mirror Telescope is expected to significantly enhance the institute’s observational capacity. This telescope will allow for continuous monitoring of a strip of the sky, providing valuable data for various astronomical studies.

Collaborative Research

ARIES collaborates with national and international research institutions, fostering a vibrant research environment. These collaborations facilitate the exchange of knowledge, resources, and expertise, contributing to the advancement of astronomical sciences.

Educational Initiatives

ARIES is committed to nurturing the next generation of astronomers and scientists. The institute offers various educational programs, workshops, and internships for students and young researchers. These initiatives provide hands-on experience in astronomical research and foster a culture of scientific inquiry.

Conclusion

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) stands as a beacon of astronomical research and education in India. With its rich history, advanced facilities, and significant contributions to the field of astronomy, ARIES continues to inspire and educate. Whether you are a researcher, a student, or a curious visitor, ARIES offers a unique opportunity to explore the wonders of the universe from the scenic hills of Nainital.