Pithoragarh Fort, commonly known as London Fort, is a historic marvel nestled in the heart of the Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand. This fort, which is also referred to by several other names such as Baulaki Fort and Gorkha Killa, is a testament to the region’s rich cultural and historical tapestry. Built-in 1789 by the Gorkha rulers, this ancient structure is not just a fortification but a symbol of the strategic importance the region held during various historical eras. The fort is perched atop a hill in the center of Pithoragarh city, offering panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, making it a popular destination for tourists and history enthusiasts alike.

A Glimpse into the History of Pithoragarh Fort

Pithoragarh Fort, often referred to as London Fort by the British, was constructed in 1789 by the Gorkha rulers, who had established their dominance over the region during that era. The fort’s strategic location, perched atop a hill in the center of Pithoragarh city, made it an ideal spot for monitoring and controlling the surrounding area. The fort was built primarily for defensive purposes, and its architecture reflects the military strategies of the time.

The fort was originally named Baulaki Garh, which translates to “Bowl-shaped Fort,” owing to its unique geographical positioning and structure. The Gorkha rulers, known for their military prowess, designed the fort to be a stronghold against potential invaders. It is said that the fort played a significant role in the military strategies of the Gorkhas, who were renowned for their disciplined and formidable army.

After the Treaty of Sugauli in 1815, which marked the end of the Anglo-Nepalese War, the British took control of the region and subsequently renamed the fort as London Fort. The name was a homage to London, England, and was part of the British strategy to Anglicize many places in India. The British also undertook some repairs and modifications to the fort between 1910 and 1920, further solidifying its historical significance.

Architectural Marvel of the Gorkha Killa

The Pithoragarh Fort is an architectural marvel that exemplifies the military ingenuity of the Gorkha rulers. The fort is constructed primarily from stone and covers an area of 88.5 meters in length and 40 meters in width. The walls of the fort are designed with 152 holes, strategically placed to allow soldiers to fire long guns while being protected from external attacks. These holes, known as “gun ports,” are a testament to the advanced military engineering of the time.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the fort’s design is the positioning of these gun ports. They are arranged in such a way that they provide a comprehensive field of fire, covering all possible approaches to the fort. This design ensured that the fort could be effectively defended by a relatively small number of soldiers, making it a formidable stronghold during times of conflict.

The fort also features two main entrances, which were heavily guarded during the Gorkha rule. These entrances lead to a large courtyard, which was once the hub of activity within the fort. The courtyard was surrounded by various buildings, including a prison, a judicial building, and barracks for soldiers. The presence of these facilities within the fort indicates that it was not just a military stronghold but also a center of administration and justice.

The Fort’s Role in the Gorkha-British Conflict

The Pithoragarh Fort played a crucial role during the period of conflict between the Gorkhas and the British. The Gorkhas, who had established their dominance over the region, used the fort as a base to launch military campaigns and control the surrounding territories. The fort’s strategic location allowed the Gorkhas to monitor movements in the region and maintain a strong defensive position.

However, the Anglo-Nepalese War, which lasted from 1814 to 1816, marked a turning point in the history of the fort. The war, which was fought between the Kingdom of Nepal and the British East India Company, was a result of territorial disputes and the expansionist policies of both sides. The Gorkhas, despite their fierce resistance, were eventually defeated, and the Treaty of Sugauli was signed in 1815. As part of the treaty, the Gorkhas ceded significant territories to the British, including the Pithoragarh region.

After the treaty, the British took control of the fort and renamed it London Fort. The fort was no longer a center of military activity but was used for administrative purposes. The British made several modifications to the fort, including the construction of new buildings and the repair of existing structures. However, with the passage of time, the fort’s importance waned, and it was eventually abandoned and fell into a state of neglect.

The Decline and Preservation of Pithoragarh Fort

After the British era, Pithoragarh Fort gradually lost its strategic importance and began to decline. The fort, which once bustled with activity, was left neglected and fell into disrepair. The buildings within the fort deteriorated, and many of the original structures were lost over time. The fort’s walls, once formidable and impenetrable, began to crumble, and the gun ports that once protected the fort from invaders became relics of a bygone era.

Despite its dilapidated state, the fort continued to hold historical significance for the people of Pithoragarh. Recognizing its importance, efforts were made to preserve the fort as a heritage site. In the mid-20th century, the fort was declared a protected monument, and steps were taken to restore some of the structures. However, the restoration work was limited, and the fort remains largely in ruins.

Today, Pithoragarh Fort is a popular tourist attraction, drawing visitors from all over the country. The fort offers a glimpse into the region’s rich history and provides panoramic views of the surrounding city and landscape. Despite its current state, the fort continues to captivate the imagination of visitors, who are drawn to its ancient walls and the stories they hold.

Exploring Pithoragarh Fort: A Journey Through Time

A visit to Pithoragarh Fort is like taking a journey through time. As you enter the fort through its imposing gates, you are immediately transported to an era of warriors, kings, and battles. The fort’s walls, though weathered by time, still stand tall, bearing witness to the many events that have shaped the history of this region.

One of the first things that visitors notice about the fort is its strategic location. Perched atop a hill, the fort offers stunning views of Pithoragarh city and the surrounding valleys. The fort’s elevated position made it an ideal location for monitoring the area and controlling access to the city. Today, visitors can enjoy breathtaking views of the sunrise and sunset from the fort, making it a popular spot for photographers and nature enthusiasts.

As you explore the fort, you will come across the many gun ports that line its walls. These gun ports, designed for firing long guns, are a reminder of the fort’s military past. It is fascinating to imagine the soldiers who once manned these positions, defending the fort against invaders. The fort’s architecture, with its emphasis on defense and protection, is a testament to the military strategies of the time.

Inside the fort, you will find the remnants of various buildings that once served as the administrative and judicial center of the region. The prison, judicial building, and barracks are now in ruins, but they offer a glimpse into the fort’s past. The fort also had a secret door, which is no longer visible, and a well, which has been closed and replaced with a peepal tree. These features add to the fort’s mystique and make it an intriguing place to explore.

Cultural Significance and Legacy of Pithoragarh Fort

Pithoragarh Fort holds a special place in the cultural and historical narrative of the region. It is not just a monument but a symbol of the resilience and strength of the people who once inhabited this land. The fort’s history is intertwined with the history of the Gorkhas, the British, and the local communities, making it a site of immense cultural significance.

For the people of Pithoragarh, the fort is a reminder of their heritage and a source of pride. It is a symbol of the region’s rich history and the many battles that were fought to protect it. The fort is also a testament to the architectural and military skills of the Gorkhas, who were known for their prowess in warfare. The fort’s design, with its emphasis on defense and protection, reflects the strategic thinking of the Gorkhas and their ability to adapt to the challenging terrain of the region.

The British, who renamed the fort as London Fort, also left their mark on the fort’s history. The fort became a symbol of British rule and the changes that came with it. The British made several modifications to the fort, including repairs and the construction of new buildings. These changes, while practical, also served to Anglicize the fort and make it a part of the British colonial narrative.

Today, Pithoragarh Fort is a symbol of the region’s resilience and its ability to adapt to changing circumstances.

Entry Free

The entry fee for the fort is set at INR 10 per person, which appears to be reasonable given the limited management and development efforts in the area. This nominal fee ensures that the site remains accessible to a wide range of visitors, encouraging both locals and tourists to explore the fort without financial burden. The fee also contributes to the maintenance of the fort, albeit modestly, helping to preserve its historical and cultural significance.

Notably, children below the age of 5 years are exempt from the entry fee, making it a family-friendly destination. This exemption reflects an understanding of the importance of introducing young minds to historical sites without adding extra costs for families.

The fort is open to visitors every day of the week, from 11:00 am to 7:00 pm, allowing ample time for exploration. The consistent availability and affordable entry fee make the fort an attractive option for those interested in history, architecture, or simply seeking a peaceful outing. Despite the minimal fee, visitors can still enjoy the rich heritage and scenic beauty the fort offers, making it a worthwhile experience.